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Other ingredients Yeasts (active dry yeast) Yeast through a fermentation process produces gas (carbon dioxide) necessary to make the bread rise. Yeast must be able to feed on sugar and flour carbohydrates in order to produce this gas. Fast action granular yeast is used in all recipes that call for yeast. There are basically three different types of yeast available, fresh, traditional dry active and fast action. It is recommended that fast action type yeast be used. This type of yeast comes in sachets and are labelled fast action, easy bake or easyblend. Fresh or compressed cake yeast is not recommended as they will produce poor results. Store yeast according to manufacturers instructions. Ensure your yeast is fresh by checking its expiration date. Once a package of yeast is opened it is important that the remaining contents be immediately resealed and refrigerated as soon as possible for future use. Often bread or dough, which fails to rise, is due to stale yeast being used. The following test can be used to determine whether your yeast is stale and inactive: 1 Place half a cup of lukewarm water into a small bowl or cup. 2 Stir 1 tsp. of sugar into the water then sprinkle 2 tsp. of yeast over the surface. 3 Place bowl or cup in a warm area and allow to sit for 10 minutes undisturbed. 4 The mixture should foam and produce a strong yeast aroma. If this does not occur, discard mixture and start again with another packet of dried yeast. Sugar Sugar is important for the colour and flavour of breads. It is also food for the yeast as it is part of the fermentation process. Artificial sweeteners cannot be used as a substitute for sugar as the yeast will not react properly with them. Salt Salt is necessary to balance the flavour of breads and cakes, as well as for the crust colour that develops during baking. Salt also limits the growth of yeast so the amounts shown in the recipes should not be increased. For dietary reasons it may be reduced, however, your baking may suffer. 11 Liquids/milk Liquids such as milk or a combination of powdered milk and water, can be used when making bread. Milk will improve flavour, provide a velvety texture and soften the crust, while water alone will produce a crispier crust. Some liquids call for juice (orange, apple, etc) to be added as a flavour enhancer. Note: For most recipes we suggest the use of dry skimmed milk. Eggs Eggs add richness and a velvety texture to bread doughs and cakes. Sunflower oil ‘Shortens’ or tenderises the texture of yeast breads. Butter or margarine can be used as a substitute. If butter or margarine is used direct from the refrigerator it should be softened for easier blending during the mixing cycle. Baking powder Baking powder is a raising agent used in cakes. This type of raising agent does not require rising time before baking as the chemical reaction works when liquid ingredients are added. Bicarbonate of soda Bicarbonate of soda is another raising agent not to be confused or substituted for baking powder. It also does not require rising time before baking as the chemical reaction works during the baking process. Vitamin C - Ascorbic acid Ascorbic acid helps improve the volume of the loaf. Vitamin C powder or tablets should be used. You can also use the orange flavour vitamin C supplement tablet. These are usually marked in mg (milligrams) strength. If they are 200mg tablets, use 1/2 tablet for 100mg dose. The tablet must be crushed between 2 spoons to create a powder. If using powder refer to the packet instructions but a 1/4 of a teaspoon is usually recommended. Measuring ingredients The key and most important step when using your breadmaker is measuring your ingredients precisely and accurately. It is extremely important to measure each liquid and dry ingredient properly or it could result in a poor or unacceptable baking result. The ingredients must also be added into the baking pan in the order in which they are given in each recipe. Liquid and dry measurements are done somewhat differently and are as follows: Liquid measurements Use the cup provided. When reading amounts, the measuring cup must be placed on a horizontal flat surface and viewed at eye level (not on an angle). The liquid level line must be aligned to the mark of measurement. A ‘guesstimate’ is not good enough as it could throw out the critical balance of the recipe. Dry measurements Dry measurements (especially flours) must be done using the measuring cup provided. The measuring cup is based on the American standard 8 fluid oz cup (British cup is 10 fluid oz.) Dry measuring must be done by gently spooning ingredients into the measuring cup to the indicated line. Scooping or tapping a measuring cup will pack the ingredients and you will end up with more than is required. This extra amount could affect the balance of the recipe. Do not sift the flour, unless stated. When measuring small amounts of dry or liquid ingredients (ie yeast, sugar, salt, powdered milk, honey) the measuring...