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BPDUs are not directly forwarded by the switch, but the receiving switch uses the information in the frame to calculate a BPDU, and, if the topology changes, initiates a BPDU transmission. The communication between switches via BPDUs results in the following: ■ One switch is elected as the root switch. ■ The shortest distance to the root switch is calculated for each switch. ■ A designated switch is selected. This is the switch closest to the root switch through which packets will be forward